- MSC1-INORGANIC SEMESTER CHEMISTRY 1
Origin of quantum theory, black body radiation, atomic spectra, photoelectric effect, matter waves, wave nature of the electron, the wave equation, the theory of hydrogen atom, particle in one dimensional box, transformation of coordinates, Separation of variables and their significance.
VSEPR theory &drawbacks, Walsh diagram (tri and penta atomic molecules dπ-pπ bonds, Bent rule, and energetic of hybridization, some simple reactions of covalently bonded molecules.
General characteristic properties of transition elements, co-ordination chemistry Of transition metal ions, stereochemistry of coordination compounds, ligand field Theory, splitting of d orbital’s in low symmetry environments, John- Teller effect, Interpretation of electronic spectra including charge transfer spectra, Spectrochemical series, nephelauxetic series, metal clusters, sandwich compounds, metal carbonyls.
Role of metal ions in biological processes, structure and properties of metalloproteinase in electron transport processes, cytochromes, ferrodoxins and iorn sulphur proteins, ion transport across membranes, Biological nitrogen fixation, PSI ,PS – II, Oxygen uptake proteins.
Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, definition of group and and sub group, relation between order of finite group and its sub group. Congugacy relation and classes, point symmetry group, (representation for Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc. Groups to be worked out explicitly). Character of representation.
Types of reactions, potential energy diagrams, transition states and intermediates.Hard and soft acids and bases, strength of acids and bases. Generation, structure,stability and reactivity of carbocations and carbanions.
b) Aliphatic Nucleophilic substitutions: The SN2, SN1 reactions with respects to mechanism and stereochemistry.Reactivity effect of substrate structure, effect of attacking nucleophiles, leaving groups and reaction medium, Neighbouring Group Participation. Nucleophilic aromatic substitutionreactions SN1, SN2.
Introduction, Concept of Aromaticity, the arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity in Nitration, Sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts and Halogenation in aromatic systems, energy profile diagrams. The ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in their ring systems. Diazo-coupling, Vilsmeir reaction, Gatterman-Koch rection, Von Richter rearrangement .
Mechanism and steriochemical aspects of the addition reactions involving electrophiles and free radicals, regio and chemo-selectivity, orientation and reactivity. Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Michael reaction.
The E1, E2 and E1cB mechanisms. Orientation in Elimination reactions. Reactivity: effects of substrate structures, attacking base the leaving group the nature of medium on elimination reactions. Pyrolytic elimination reactions.
Beckman, Fries, Benzilic acid, Hoffman, Schmidt, Curtius, Lossen & Benzilic acid,
Stereochemistry:
Concept of Chirality and molecular dissymmetry, Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral centers, Prochiral relationship, homotopic, enantiotopic and disteriotopic groups and faces. Recemic modifications and their resolution, R and S nomenclature. Geometrical isomerism E and Z. Nomenclature. Conformational analysis : cyclohexane derivatives, stability and reactivity,
1. Introduction, revision of basic concepts.
2. Second law of thermodynamics: Physical significance of entropy (Direction of spontaneous change and dispersal of energy ), Carnot cycle, efficiency of heat engine, coefficient of performance of heat engine, refrigeration and problems.
3. Maxwell relations, thermodynamic equation of state, chemical potential, variation of chemical potential with temperature & pressure. Applications of chemical potential, phase rule, lowering of vapor pressure (Rault’s law) and elevation in boiling point.
1. Ideal solutions, Rault’s law, Duhem-Margules equation and its applications to vaporpressure curves( Binary liquid mixture ), determination of activity coefficients fromvapor pressure measurements, Henry’s law.
2. Nonideal solutions : deviations from ideal behaviour of liquid mixtures, liquidvapor compositions, conditions for maximum.
1. Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, P-V-T relations for an ideal gas, non-idealbehavior of gases, equation of state, compressibility factor, virial equation, van derWaal’s equation, excluded volume and molecular diameter, relations of van derWaal’s constants with virial coefficients and Boyle temperature.
2. Molecular statistics, distribution of molecular states, deviations of Boltzmann
law for molecular distribution, translational partition function, Maxwell-Boltzmann law for distribution of molecular velocities, physical significance of the distribution law, deviation of expressions for average, root mean square and most probable velocities, experimental verification of the distribution law.
3. Molecular collision in gases, mean free path, collision diameter and collision number in a gas and in a mixture of gases, kinetic theory of viscosity and diffusion.
1. Sols, Lyophilic and lyophobic sols, properties of sols, coagulation. Sols of surface active reagents, surface tension and surfactants, critical micelle concentration.
. Macromolecules: Mechanism of polymerization, molecular weight of a polymer (Number and mass average ) viscosity average molecular weight, numerical problems. Degree of polymerization and molecular weight, methods of determining molecular weights( Osmometry, viscometry, light scattering, diffusion and ultracentrifugation)
3. Chemistry of polymerization: Free radical polymerization(Initiation, propagation and termination ), kinetics of free radical polymerization, step growth polymerization( Polycondensation ), kinetics of step polymerization, cationic and anionic polymerization.
( More stress should be given to solving numerical problems )
Distribution Law: Partition of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride. Equilibrium constant of I- + I2 □ I3-. Concentration of unknown potassium iodide. Partition of ammonia between water and chloroform. Partition of aniline between benzene and water. Hydrolysis constant of aniline hydrochloride. Association of benzoic acid in Naphthalene.
Solid-Liquid Equlibria: Construction of phase diagrams of simple eutectics, systems with congruent melting points and solid solutions. Determination of composition of unknown mixtures. Analytical and synthetic methods for the determination of solubilities
Errors, Determinant, constant and indeterminate. Accuracy and precision Distribution of random errors. Average derivation and standard derivation, variance and confidance limit. Significance figures and computation rules. Least square method. Methods of sampling: samples size. Techniques of sampling of gases, fluid, solids, and particulates.
General principle, classification of chromatographic methods. Nature of partition forces. Chromatographic behavior of solutes. Column efficiency and resolution.
Gas Chromatography: detector, optimization of experimental conditions. Ion exchanges chromatography. Thin layer chromatography: coating of materials, prepative TLC. Solvents used and methods of detection Column chromatography. Adsorption and partition methods. Nature of column materials.Preparation of the column. Solvent systems and detection methods.
Polarography: Introduction, Instrumentation, Ilkovic equation and its verification. Derivation of wave equation, Determination of half wave potential, qualitative and quantitative applications. Amperometry: Basic principals, instrumentation, nature of titration curves, and analytical applications.
Standard solutions Indicators, theory of indicators , types of titrations, Acid , base , precipitation, Redox and complexometric titrations, Acid–base titrations in nonaqueous media , solvent characterisation , living effect , applications of non –aqueous titrations , MnO2 in pyrolusite, Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 and NaOH + Na2CO3 Mixture analysis , Gravimetric Analysis purity of the precipitate – Co precipitation’s and post precipitations from homogenous solution , organic precipitation
Introduction: History etc. Hardware: Central processor unit. Input devices. Storage devices. Periferals, Software: Overview of the key elements of basic program structure, loops, arrays, mathematical function. User defined functions, conditional statements, string. Applications. Data representation, Computerized instruments system. Microcomputer interfacing.
Basic radicals :- Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd,Bi, As, Sb, Sn, Fe, Al, Cr, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4, Ce, Th, Zr, w, Te, Ti, Mo, O, V, Be, Li, Au, Pt,
Acid Radicals: - Co3, SO4, SO3, NO3, F, Cl, Br, I, NO2, BO3, C2O4, PO4, SiO4, Thiosulphate, Ferroeynide, Ferricyanide, Chromate, Arsenite, Arsenate, Permanganate,
Quantitative Analysis :-
Involving two of the following in ores, alloys or mixture in solution – one by volumetric and other by gravimetric method Ag, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ba, Ca, Mg, chloride, Sulphate.
Estimation of :-
Phosphoric acid in commercial orthophosphoric acid,
Boric acid in borax,
Ammonium lon in Ammonium salt,
MnO2 in pyrolusite
Available chlorine in bleaching powder,
H2O2 in commercial sample,
Preparation of selected Inorganic compounds and study of their properties by various method including IR, Electronic Spectra, Mossbaur, ESR, Spectra magnetic susceptibility etc.
Vo(acac)2
Cis & Trans K [Cr (C2O4)2(H2O)2]. 2H2O
Na[cr(NH3)2(SCN)4]
Mn (acac)
K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
Prussian Blue Turnbulls Blue
[Co(NH3)6][Co(NO2)6]
Hg [Co (SCN)4]
[Ni (NH3)4] Cl2
Ni (DMG)2
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4
Mohr’s salt
Nickel ammonium Sulphate
Verification of Freundlich’s Adsorption Isotherm,
Chemical Kinetics:
Determination of effect of –
Change of temperature
Change of concentrations of reactants and catalyst.
Lonic strength of the media on the velocity constant of hydrolysis of ester.
Determination of order of reaction for reaction between K2S2O8 and KI.
Electrochemistry –
Conductometry
Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salt (e.g., PbSO4, BaSO4) conductometrically.
Determination of the strength of strong and weak acids in a given mixture conductometrically.
Determination of dissociation constant of weak electrolyte by conductometer.
pH metry/Potentiometry
Determination of the strength of strong and weak acid in a given mixture using pH meter/potentiometer.
Determination of dissociation constant of weak acid by pH meter.
Determination of concentration of acid in given buffer solution by pH meter.
Polarimetry:-
Determination of rate constant for hydrolysis/inversion of sugar using polarimeter
Solubility and partition coefficient
Effect of temperature on solubility of electrolyte.
Determination of partition coefficient of between carbon tetrachloride and water.
Find out atomic parachor of carbon and hydrogen.
Colorimety :-
Verification of beer’s and lamberts law and find out the concentration of unknown solution
General discussion on the properties of the non – transition elements, special features of individual elements, synthesis, properties and structure of halides and oxides of the non – transition elements, Polymorphism in carbon, phosphorous and sulphur, Synthesis, properties and structure of boranes, carboranes, silicates, carbides, phosphazenes, sulphur – nitrogen compounds, peroxo compounds of boron, carbon,sulphur, structure and bonding in oxyacids of nitrogen,phosphorous, sulphur and halogens, interhalogens, pseudohalides.
Ligand hapticity, electron count for different types of organometallic compounds, 18 and 16 electron rule ,synthesis, structure and bonding,organometallic reagents in organic synthesis and in homogeneous catalytic reactions (Hydrogenation, hydroformylation, isomerisation and polymerisation), pi metal complexes,
b) Metal – ligand equilibria in solution
Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in stepwise constants, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to nature of metal ion and ligand, chelate effect.
Spectral and magnetic properties, use of lanthanide compounds as shift reagents, Modern methods of separation of lanthanides and actinides, Organometallic chemistry applications of lanthanide and actinide compounds in Industries.
Classification of solvents, properties, leveling effect, type reactions in solvents, chemistry of liquid ammonia, liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide and anhydrous sulphuric acid with respect to properties, solubilities and reactions.
Radioactive decay and equilibrium, nuclear reactions, Q value, cross-sections, types of reactions, chemical effects of nuclear transformation, fission and fusion, fission products and fission yield
Mechanism of condensation reaction involving enolates Mannich, Benzoin, Stobbe, Dieckmann, Diels-Alder, Robinson annulation Reimer-Tieman, Chichibabin, Baeyer Villiger oxidation
Introduction, Types of alkylation and alkylating agents: C-Alkylation and Acylation of active methylene compounds and Applications.
b) .Hrdroboration and Enamines : Mechanism and Synthetic Applications.
Study of following reductions- Catalytic hydrogenation using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Study of following reactions: Wolff-Kishner, Birch, Clemmensen, Sodium borohydride, Lithium Aluminium hydride (LAH) and Sodium in alcohol, Fe in HCl.
b) Oxidation
Application of following oxidizing agents: KMnO4, chromium trioxide, Manganese dioxide, Osmium tetraoxide, DDQ, Chloranil .
Organo-magnesium, Organo-zinc and Organo-lithium, Hg and Sn reagents; Use of lithium dialkyl cuprate their addition to carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
ideas of synthones and retrones. Functional group transformations and interconversions of simple functionalities.
Absorption of light and nature of electronic spectra, electronic transition, Frank-Condon principle, selection rules, photodissociation, predissociation, photochemical reactions: photoreduction, photooxidation, photodimerization, photochemical substitution, photoisomerization, photochemistry of environment: Green house effect.
Electronic structure of molecules, molecular orbital,
electronically excited singlet states, designation based on multiplicity rule, life time of electronically excited state, construction of Jablonski diagram, electronic transitions and intensity of absorption bands, photphysical pathways of excited molecular system( radiative and non-radiative ).
Fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, and phosphorescence, fluorescence quenching: concentration quenching, quenching by excimer and exciplex emission, fluorescence resonance enrgy transfer between photexcited donor and acceptor systems. Stern-Volmer relation, critical energy transfer distances, energy transfer efficiency, examples and analytical significance, bimolecular collisional V quenching and Stern-Volmer equation.
1. Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation (Evidences and limitations), revision of basic electrochemistry( Types of electrodes and cells).
2. Electrochemical cells with and without transference, determination of activity coefficients of an electrolyte, degree of dissociation of monobasic weak acid (approximate and accurate ), instability constant of silver ammonia complex. Acid and alkaline storage batteries.
Experimental methods of following kinetics of a reaction, chemical and physical (measurement of pressure, volume, EMF, conductance, diffusion current and absorbance) methods and examples. Order and methods of determination( Initial rate, Integration, graphical and half life methods), rate determining step, steady state approximation and study of reaction between NO2 and F2, decomposition of ozone, and nitrogen pentoxide. 08
Kinetics of complex reactions, Simultaneous (first order opposed by first order), Parallel and Consecutive reactions. Examples and numericals.
Introduction, Beer Lambert’s law, instrumentation, calculation of absorption maxima of dienes, dienones and polyenes, applications.
b) Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
Introduction, instrumentation, sampling technique, selection rules, types of bonds, absorption of common functional groups. Factors affecting frequencies,
applications.
Magnetic and non magnetic nuclei, Larmor frequency, absorption of radio frequency. Instrumentation (FT-NMR). Sample preparation, chemical shift, anisotropic effect, spinspin coupling, coupling constant, applications to simple structural problems
Principle, working of mass spectrometer (double beam). Formation of different types of ions, Mclafferty rearrangements, fragmentation of alkanes, alkyl aromatics, alcohols and ketones, simple applications, simple structural problems based on IR, UV , NMR and MS
UNIT-IV
Nephlometry and Turbidometry
Introduction, Theory, Instruments, working and Applications
b) Radiochemical Analysis, NAA: Scintillation counter and G.M. Counter (08)
Error, types of errors, minimization of errors, statistical treatment for error analysis standard deviation, Relative standard, Linear Least Squares.
Calibration of Volumetric apparatus, burettes, pipettes, standard flask, weight box etc.
Volumetric analysis :-
Basic principles. Determination of iodine and saponification values of oil sample Determination of DO, COD, BOD, Hardness of water samples.
Gravimetric analysis :-
Determination of metal ions eg. Ni, Cu etc. by gravimetric methods using organic precipitants such as dimethyglyoxime dithizone, 8-hydroxyguinoline, etc.
Chromatography :-
Separation of cations and anions by-
Paper chromatography (b) Column Chromatography
pH metry / potentiometry : Determination of strength of acids etc.
Flame Photometry / AAS/ FIA/ Colorimetrty :-
Determination of cations/anions and metal ions, e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+, SO42- , NO2-, Fe, Mo, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc.
Spectrophotometry :-
Verification of Beer-Lambert Law. Molar absorptivity calculation, plotting graph to obtain max etc. Effect of pH in aqueous coloured systems. Determination of metal ions, e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, etc. using inorganic reagent like SCN and organic chelating agent like dithizone, cuferron 8-hydroxyquinoline, etc. in aqueous/organic phase in the presence of surface active agents.
Nephelometry / Turbidimetry :-
Determination of chloride, sulphate, phosphate, turbidity, etc.
Application of computers in chemistry :-
As specified in theory paper in Sect. II (a)
more detail go to official website
UNIT-I
Wave mechanicsOrigin of quantum theory, black body radiation, atomic spectra, photoelectric effect, matter waves, wave nature of the electron, the wave equation, the theory of hydrogen atom, particle in one dimensional box, transformation of coordinates, Separation of variables and their significance.
UNIT-II
Stereochemistry and Bonding in main groupVSEPR theory &drawbacks, Walsh diagram (tri and penta atomic molecules dπ-pπ bonds, Bent rule, and energetic of hybridization, some simple reactions of covalently bonded molecules.
Unit-III
Chemistry of transition elementsGeneral characteristic properties of transition elements, co-ordination chemistry Of transition metal ions, stereochemistry of coordination compounds, ligand field Theory, splitting of d orbital’s in low symmetry environments, John- Teller effect, Interpretation of electronic spectra including charge transfer spectra, Spectrochemical series, nephelauxetic series, metal clusters, sandwich compounds, metal carbonyls.
Unit-IV
Bioinorganic ChemistryRole of metal ions in biological processes, structure and properties of metalloproteinase in electron transport processes, cytochromes, ferrodoxins and iorn sulphur proteins, ion transport across membranes, Biological nitrogen fixation, PSI ,PS – II, Oxygen uptake proteins.
UNIT-V
Symmetry and group theory in chemistrySymmetry elements and symmetry operations, definition of group and and sub group, relation between order of finite group and its sub group. Congugacy relation and classes, point symmetry group, (representation for Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc. Groups to be worked out explicitly). Character of representation.
1MSC2-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-1
UNIT-I
Reaction Mechanism: Structure and ReactivityTypes of reactions, potential energy diagrams, transition states and intermediates.Hard and soft acids and bases, strength of acids and bases. Generation, structure,stability and reactivity of carbocations and carbanions.
b) Aliphatic Nucleophilic substitutions: The SN2, SN1 reactions with respects to mechanism and stereochemistry.Reactivity effect of substrate structure, effect of attacking nucleophiles, leaving groups and reaction medium, Neighbouring Group Participation. Nucleophilic aromatic substitutionreactions SN1, SN2.
UNIT-II
Aromatic Electrophilic SubstitutionsIntroduction, Concept of Aromaticity, the arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity in Nitration, Sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts and Halogenation in aromatic systems, energy profile diagrams. The ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in their ring systems. Diazo-coupling, Vilsmeir reaction, Gatterman-Koch rection, Von Richter rearrangement .
UNIT-III
Addition to Carbon–Carbon Multiple BondsMechanism and steriochemical aspects of the addition reactions involving electrophiles and free radicals, regio and chemo-selectivity, orientation and reactivity. Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Michael reaction.
UNIT-IV
Elimination Reactions:The E1, E2 and E1cB mechanisms. Orientation in Elimination reactions. Reactivity: effects of substrate structures, attacking base the leaving group the nature of medium on elimination reactions. Pyrolytic elimination reactions.
UNIT-V
Study of following reactions:Beckman, Fries, Benzilic acid, Hoffman, Schmidt, Curtius, Lossen & Benzilic acid,
Stereochemistry:
Concept of Chirality and molecular dissymmetry, Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral centers, Prochiral relationship, homotopic, enantiotopic and disteriotopic groups and faces. Recemic modifications and their resolution, R and S nomenclature. Geometrical isomerism E and Z. Nomenclature. Conformational analysis : cyclohexane derivatives, stability and reactivity,
1MSC3- PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I
UNIT- I
THERMODYNAMICS-I1. Introduction, revision of basic concepts.
2. Second law of thermodynamics: Physical significance of entropy (Direction of spontaneous change and dispersal of energy ), Carnot cycle, efficiency of heat engine, coefficient of performance of heat engine, refrigeration and problems.
3. Maxwell relations, thermodynamic equation of state, chemical potential, variation of chemical potential with temperature & pressure. Applications of chemical potential, phase rule, lowering of vapor pressure (Rault’s law) and elevation in boiling point.
UNIT-II
THERMODYNAMICS-II1. Ideal solutions, Rault’s law, Duhem-Margules equation and its applications to vaporpressure curves( Binary liquid mixture ), determination of activity coefficients fromvapor pressure measurements, Henry’s law.
2. Nonideal solutions : deviations from ideal behaviour of liquid mixtures, liquidvapor compositions, conditions for maximum.
UNIT-III
KINETIC THEORY OF GASSES1. Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, P-V-T relations for an ideal gas, non-idealbehavior of gases, equation of state, compressibility factor, virial equation, van derWaal’s equation, excluded volume and molecular diameter, relations of van derWaal’s constants with virial coefficients and Boyle temperature.
2. Molecular statistics, distribution of molecular states, deviations of Boltzmann
law for molecular distribution, translational partition function, Maxwell-Boltzmann law for distribution of molecular velocities, physical significance of the distribution law, deviation of expressions for average, root mean square and most probable velocities, experimental verification of the distribution law.
3. Molecular collision in gases, mean free path, collision diameter and collision number in a gas and in a mixture of gases, kinetic theory of viscosity and diffusion.
UNIT-IV
COLLOIDS AND MACROMOLECULES1. Sols, Lyophilic and lyophobic sols, properties of sols, coagulation. Sols of surface active reagents, surface tension and surfactants, critical micelle concentration.
. Macromolecules: Mechanism of polymerization, molecular weight of a polymer (Number and mass average ) viscosity average molecular weight, numerical problems. Degree of polymerization and molecular weight, methods of determining molecular weights( Osmometry, viscometry, light scattering, diffusion and ultracentrifugation)
3. Chemistry of polymerization: Free radical polymerization(Initiation, propagation and termination ), kinetics of free radical polymerization, step growth polymerization( Polycondensation ), kinetics of step polymerization, cationic and anionic polymerization.
( More stress should be given to solving numerical problems )
UNIT-V
Phase ruleDistribution Law: Partition of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride. Equilibrium constant of I- + I2 □ I3-. Concentration of unknown potassium iodide. Partition of ammonia between water and chloroform. Partition of aniline between benzene and water. Hydrolysis constant of aniline hydrochloride. Association of benzoic acid in Naphthalene.
Solid-Liquid Equlibria: Construction of phase diagrams of simple eutectics, systems with congruent melting points and solid solutions. Determination of composition of unknown mixtures. Analytical and synthetic methods for the determination of solubilities
1MSC4-ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY –I
UNIT-I
Errors and treatment of Analytical ChemistryErrors, Determinant, constant and indeterminate. Accuracy and precision Distribution of random errors. Average derivation and standard derivation, variance and confidance limit. Significance figures and computation rules. Least square method. Methods of sampling: samples size. Techniques of sampling of gases, fluid, solids, and particulates.
UNIT-II
Chromatographic methods: (10+2)General principle, classification of chromatographic methods. Nature of partition forces. Chromatographic behavior of solutes. Column efficiency and resolution.
Gas Chromatography: detector, optimization of experimental conditions. Ion exchanges chromatography. Thin layer chromatography: coating of materials, prepative TLC. Solvents used and methods of detection Column chromatography. Adsorption and partition methods. Nature of column materials.Preparation of the column. Solvent systems and detection methods.
UNIT-III
Electroanalytical TechniquesPolarography: Introduction, Instrumentation, Ilkovic equation and its verification. Derivation of wave equation, Determination of half wave potential, qualitative and quantitative applications. Amperometry: Basic principals, instrumentation, nature of titration curves, and analytical applications.
UNIT-IV
Theory of Volumetric and Gravimetric AnalysisStandard solutions Indicators, theory of indicators , types of titrations, Acid , base , precipitation, Redox and complexometric titrations, Acid–base titrations in nonaqueous media , solvent characterisation , living effect , applications of non –aqueous titrations , MnO2 in pyrolusite, Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 and NaOH + Na2CO3 Mixture analysis , Gravimetric Analysis purity of the precipitate – Co precipitation’s and post precipitations from homogenous solution , organic precipitation
UNIT-V
.Computer Science:Introduction: History etc. Hardware: Central processor unit. Input devices. Storage devices. Periferals, Software: Overview of the key elements of basic program structure, loops, arrays, mathematical function. User defined functions, conditional statements, string. Applications. Data representation, Computerized instruments system. Microcomputer interfacing.
PRACTICAL COURSE
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Qualitative analysis of mixture containing. Eight radical including some less common metal ions among the following by common method (preferably semi-micro method)Basic radicals :- Ag, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cd,Bi, As, Sb, Sn, Fe, Al, Cr, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4, Ce, Th, Zr, w, Te, Ti, Mo, O, V, Be, Li, Au, Pt,
Acid Radicals: - Co3, SO4, SO3, NO3, F, Cl, Br, I, NO2, BO3, C2O4, PO4, SiO4, Thiosulphate, Ferroeynide, Ferricyanide, Chromate, Arsenite, Arsenate, Permanganate,
Quantitative Analysis :-
Involving two of the following in ores, alloys or mixture in solution – one by volumetric and other by gravimetric method Ag, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ba, Ca, Mg, chloride, Sulphate.
Estimation of :-
Phosphoric acid in commercial orthophosphoric acid,
Boric acid in borax,
Ammonium lon in Ammonium salt,
MnO2 in pyrolusite
Available chlorine in bleaching powder,
H2O2 in commercial sample,
Preparation of selected Inorganic compounds and study of their properties by various method including IR, Electronic Spectra, Mossbaur, ESR, Spectra magnetic susceptibility etc.
Vo(acac)2
Cis & Trans K [Cr (C2O4)2(H2O)2]. 2H2O
Na[cr(NH3)2(SCN)4]
Mn (acac)
K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
Prussian Blue Turnbulls Blue
[Co(NH3)6][Co(NO2)6]
Hg [Co (SCN)4]
[Ni (NH3)4] Cl2
Ni (DMG)2
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4
Mohr’s salt
Nickel ammonium Sulphate
M. Sc. Part – I
(Semester - I)
Practical Course
Physical Chemistry
Asorption:-Verification of Freundlich’s Adsorption Isotherm,
Chemical Kinetics:
Determination of effect of –
Change of temperature
Change of concentrations of reactants and catalyst.
Lonic strength of the media on the velocity constant of hydrolysis of ester.
Determination of order of reaction for reaction between K2S2O8 and KI.
Electrochemistry –
Conductometry
Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salt (e.g., PbSO4, BaSO4) conductometrically.
Determination of the strength of strong and weak acids in a given mixture conductometrically.
Determination of dissociation constant of weak electrolyte by conductometer.
pH metry/Potentiometry
Determination of the strength of strong and weak acid in a given mixture using pH meter/potentiometer.
Determination of dissociation constant of weak acid by pH meter.
Determination of concentration of acid in given buffer solution by pH meter.
Polarimetry:-
Determination of rate constant for hydrolysis/inversion of sugar using polarimeter
Solubility and partition coefficient
Effect of temperature on solubility of electrolyte.
Determination of partition coefficient of between carbon tetrachloride and water.
Find out atomic parachor of carbon and hydrogen.
Colorimety :-
Verification of beer’s and lamberts law and find out the concentration of unknown solution
SEMESTER II
2MSC1-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – II
UNIT-I
Chemistry of non – Transition elementsGeneral discussion on the properties of the non – transition elements, special features of individual elements, synthesis, properties and structure of halides and oxides of the non – transition elements, Polymorphism in carbon, phosphorous and sulphur, Synthesis, properties and structure of boranes, carboranes, silicates, carbides, phosphazenes, sulphur – nitrogen compounds, peroxo compounds of boron, carbon,sulphur, structure and bonding in oxyacids of nitrogen,phosphorous, sulphur and halogens, interhalogens, pseudohalides.
UNIT-II
Organometallic Chemistry of transition elementsLigand hapticity, electron count for different types of organometallic compounds, 18 and 16 electron rule ,synthesis, structure and bonding,organometallic reagents in organic synthesis and in homogeneous catalytic reactions (Hydrogenation, hydroformylation, isomerisation and polymerisation), pi metal complexes,
b) Metal – ligand equilibria in solution
Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in stepwise constants, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to nature of metal ion and ligand, chelate effect.
UNIT-III
Studies and applications of Lanthanides and ActinidesSpectral and magnetic properties, use of lanthanide compounds as shift reagents, Modern methods of separation of lanthanides and actinides, Organometallic chemistry applications of lanthanide and actinide compounds in Industries.
UNIT-IV
Chemistry in Non- aqueous solventsClassification of solvents, properties, leveling effect, type reactions in solvents, chemistry of liquid ammonia, liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide and anhydrous sulphuric acid with respect to properties, solubilities and reactions.
UNIT-V
Nuclear and radiochemistryRadioactive decay and equilibrium, nuclear reactions, Q value, cross-sections, types of reactions, chemical effects of nuclear transformation, fission and fusion, fission products and fission yield
2MSC2-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II
UNIT-I
Study of following reactions:Mechanism of condensation reaction involving enolates Mannich, Benzoin, Stobbe, Dieckmann, Diels-Alder, Robinson annulation Reimer-Tieman, Chichibabin, Baeyer Villiger oxidation
UNIT-II
a) Alkylation and AcylationIntroduction, Types of alkylation and alkylating agents: C-Alkylation and Acylation of active methylene compounds and Applications.
b) .Hrdroboration and Enamines : Mechanism and Synthetic Applications.
UNIT-III
a) ReductionsStudy of following reductions- Catalytic hydrogenation using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Study of following reactions: Wolff-Kishner, Birch, Clemmensen, Sodium borohydride, Lithium Aluminium hydride (LAH) and Sodium in alcohol, Fe in HCl.
b) Oxidation
Application of following oxidizing agents: KMnO4, chromium trioxide, Manganese dioxide, Osmium tetraoxide, DDQ, Chloranil .
UNIT-IV
a) Study of Organometallic compoundsOrgano-magnesium, Organo-zinc and Organo-lithium, Hg and Sn reagents; Use of lithium dialkyl cuprate their addition to carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
UNIT-V
Methodologies in organic synthesis –ideas of synthones and retrones. Functional group transformations and interconversions of simple functionalities.
2MSC3- PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – II
UNIT-I
PHOTOCHEMISTRYAbsorption of light and nature of electronic spectra, electronic transition, Frank-Condon principle, selection rules, photodissociation, predissociation, photochemical reactions: photoreduction, photooxidation, photodimerization, photochemical substitution, photoisomerization, photochemistry of environment: Green house effect.
UNIT-II
Photo physical phenomenaI:Electronic structure of molecules, molecular orbital,
electronically excited singlet states, designation based on multiplicity rule, life time of electronically excited state, construction of Jablonski diagram, electronic transitions and intensity of absorption bands, photphysical pathways of excited molecular system( radiative and non-radiative ).
UNIT-III
Photo physical phenomena IIFluorescence, delayed fluorescence, and phosphorescence, fluorescence quenching: concentration quenching, quenching by excimer and exciplex emission, fluorescence resonance enrgy transfer between photexcited donor and acceptor systems. Stern-Volmer relation, critical energy transfer distances, energy transfer efficiency, examples and analytical significance, bimolecular collisional V quenching and Stern-Volmer equation.
UNIT-IV.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY1. Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation (Evidences and limitations), revision of basic electrochemistry( Types of electrodes and cells).
2. Electrochemical cells with and without transference, determination of activity coefficients of an electrolyte, degree of dissociation of monobasic weak acid (approximate and accurate ), instability constant of silver ammonia complex. Acid and alkaline storage batteries.
UNIT-V
CHEMICAL KINETICSExperimental methods of following kinetics of a reaction, chemical and physical (measurement of pressure, volume, EMF, conductance, diffusion current and absorbance) methods and examples. Order and methods of determination( Initial rate, Integration, graphical and half life methods), rate determining step, steady state approximation and study of reaction between NO2 and F2, decomposition of ozone, and nitrogen pentoxide. 08
Kinetics of complex reactions, Simultaneous (first order opposed by first order), Parallel and Consecutive reactions. Examples and numericals.
2MSC4-ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY- II
UNIT-I
a) Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS)Introduction, Beer Lambert’s law, instrumentation, calculation of absorption maxima of dienes, dienones and polyenes, applications.
b) Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
Introduction, instrumentation, sampling technique, selection rules, types of bonds, absorption of common functional groups. Factors affecting frequencies,
applications.
UNIT-II
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)Magnetic and non magnetic nuclei, Larmor frequency, absorption of radio frequency. Instrumentation (FT-NMR). Sample preparation, chemical shift, anisotropic effect, spinspin coupling, coupling constant, applications to simple structural problems
UNIT-III
Mass spectroscopyPrinciple, working of mass spectrometer (double beam). Formation of different types of ions, Mclafferty rearrangements, fragmentation of alkanes, alkyl aromatics, alcohols and ketones, simple applications, simple structural problems based on IR, UV , NMR and MS
UNIT-IV
Nephlometry and Turbidometry
Introduction, Theory, Instruments, working and Applications
b) Radiochemical Analysis, NAA: Scintillation counter and G.M. Counter (08)
UNIT-V
a) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Introduction, Principal, difference between AAS and FES, Advantages of AAS over FES, advantages and disadvantages of AAS. Instrumentation, Single and double beam AAS, detection limit and sensitivity, Interferences applications.
b) Inductively coupled Plasma Spectroscopy Introduction, Nebulisation Torch, Plasmsa, Instrumentation, Interferences, Applications
Introduction, Principal, difference between AAS and FES, Advantages of AAS over FES, advantages and disadvantages of AAS. Instrumentation, Single and double beam AAS, detection limit and sensitivity, Interferences applications.
b) Inductively coupled Plasma Spectroscopy Introduction, Nebulisation Torch, Plasmsa, Instrumentation, Interferences, Applications
PRACTICAL COURSE
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Qualitative Analysis :-
Separation, Purification and identification of binary mixture (One liquid and one solid) using TLC and column chromatography. Chemical text, IR spectra may be used for functional group identification.
Organic Synthesis :-
Acetylation : of Cholesterol and separation of Cholesterol acetate by Column Chromatography.
Oxidation : Adipic acid by chromic acid, oxidation of cyclohexanol.
Grignard’s reaction : Triphenyl methanol from Benzoic acid.
Aldol condensation : Dibenzalacetone from Benzaldehyde
Sandmeyer reaction : P-chloro Toluene from Toluidine.
Friediel Craft’s reaction : P-Benzoyl propanoic acid from succinic anhydride and Benzene.
Aromatic electrophilic substitution : P-nitro aniline from p-bromo aniline.
Product may be Characterised by Spectral techniques.
Quantitative analysis :-
Determination of the percentage number of hydroxyl groups by acetylation method.
Estimation of amine/phenols using Bromate Bromide method of Acetylation method.
Estimation of Carbonyl group by hydrazone method.
Estimation of Glycine by titration.
Determination of equivalent weight of carboxylic compounds.Estimation of carboxyl group by titration/Silver salt method.
Separation, Purification and identification of binary mixture (One liquid and one solid) using TLC and column chromatography. Chemical text, IR spectra may be used for functional group identification.
Organic Synthesis :-
Acetylation : of Cholesterol and separation of Cholesterol acetate by Column Chromatography.
Oxidation : Adipic acid by chromic acid, oxidation of cyclohexanol.
Grignard’s reaction : Triphenyl methanol from Benzoic acid.
Aldol condensation : Dibenzalacetone from Benzaldehyde
Sandmeyer reaction : P-chloro Toluene from Toluidine.
Friediel Craft’s reaction : P-Benzoyl propanoic acid from succinic anhydride and Benzene.
Aromatic electrophilic substitution : P-nitro aniline from p-bromo aniline.
Product may be Characterised by Spectral techniques.
Quantitative analysis :-
Determination of the percentage number of hydroxyl groups by acetylation method.
Estimation of amine/phenols using Bromate Bromide method of Acetylation method.
Estimation of Carbonyl group by hydrazone method.
Estimation of Glycine by titration.
Determination of equivalent weight of carboxylic compounds.Estimation of carboxyl group by titration/Silver salt method.
PRACTICAL COURSE
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (INSTRUMENTATION AND COMPUTERS)
Error analysis & Statistical data analysis :-Error, types of errors, minimization of errors, statistical treatment for error analysis standard deviation, Relative standard, Linear Least Squares.
Calibration of Volumetric apparatus, burettes, pipettes, standard flask, weight box etc.
Volumetric analysis :-
Basic principles. Determination of iodine and saponification values of oil sample Determination of DO, COD, BOD, Hardness of water samples.
Gravimetric analysis :-
Determination of metal ions eg. Ni, Cu etc. by gravimetric methods using organic precipitants such as dimethyglyoxime dithizone, 8-hydroxyguinoline, etc.
Chromatography :-
Separation of cations and anions by-
Paper chromatography (b) Column Chromatography
pH metry / potentiometry : Determination of strength of acids etc.
Flame Photometry / AAS/ FIA/ Colorimetrty :-
Determination of cations/anions and metal ions, e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+, SO42- , NO2-, Fe, Mo, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc.
Spectrophotometry :-
Verification of Beer-Lambert Law. Molar absorptivity calculation, plotting graph to obtain max etc. Effect of pH in aqueous coloured systems. Determination of metal ions, e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, etc. using inorganic reagent like SCN and organic chelating agent like dithizone, cuferron 8-hydroxyquinoline, etc. in aqueous/organic phase in the presence of surface active agents.
Nephelometry / Turbidimetry :-
Determination of chloride, sulphate, phosphate, turbidity, etc.
Application of computers in chemistry :-
As specified in theory paper in Sect. II (a)
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